光声显微成像技术是近年发展迅速的一种基于光学吸收差异的成像技术，它继承了光学成像对比度高、超声成像深度深的优点，表现出纯光学显微成像技术所无法比拟的优越性。光声显微成像实现了从声学分辨率至光学分辨率的多尺度成像，发展出从单纯的吸收结构到功能的多参量成像、从依靠内源吸收体到外源对比剂的多对比度成像、从依赖超声换能器到全光学激发与探测、从单一吸收成像到与光学相干层析成像、荧光成像、双光子成像、二次谐波成像等结合形成多模态的光声显微成像技术。现已在血管生物学、肿瘤学、神经学、眼科学，以及皮肤学等生物医学领域得到应用。

构建高转换效率的纳米探针是推动光声(PA)分子成像发展的关键。传统光声探针的设计思路是使探针在组织光学窗口波段的光吸收系数最大化，而对探针的光声转换性质的研究却未得到足够重视。以金纳米球为例，讨论了在热膨胀机制介导的光声效应中纳米探针的微观光声转换机制，使理性设计高转换效率探针成为可能。通过理论分析和有限元分析发现，由于小尺寸效应，纳米探针不再满足热禁闭条件，在激光脉冲范围内即有热量从球体向周围介质扩散，从而使得纳米探针本身及其周围介质的热膨胀对光声信号均有贡献。

激光光热治疗被认为是有潜在应用价值的肿瘤微创/无创治疗技术，具有快速、微创、毒副作用小等优点，因而受到了广泛关注。为提高光热治疗效果，研究人员对不同类型的光热治疗剂进行了研究。相比于无机纳米材料，基于有机材料的光热治疗剂具有更理想的生物相容性和生物降解性能，更容易实现临床应用，因此近年来发展迅速。对典型的有机光热治疗剂（包括包裹近红外染料的纳米胶束、基于蛋白结构的光热治疗剂、卟啉脂质体和聚合物近红外吸收材料）在近年来的研究进展进行阐述，介绍了它们各自的优势和存在的问题，最后对本领域的研究方向进行思考和探讨。

Photoacoustic imaging and microwave-thermoacoustic imaging are innovative hybrid imaging techniques that have experienced rapid development in recent years. Photoacoustic imaging is based on the photoacoustic effect. When the laser pulses (the width of the laser pulse is usually several nanoseconds to tens of nanoseconds) irradiate the biological tissue, the absorbers in the tissue absorb the optical energy and then induce the instantaneous rise in temperature, and radiate the thermal energy in the form of mechanical energy, i.e. ultrasound signals. We can detect the ultrasound signals with ultrasound transducer and recover the absorption information of the absorbers in the tissue with different imaging algorithms. Photoacoustic imaging integrates the merit of high contrast of optical imaging and high imaging depth of ultrasound imaging. If the excitation source of the photoacoustic imaging is changed into the microwave (the width of the microwave pulse is usually from tens of nanoseconds to hundreds of nanoseconds), that is called thermoacoustic imaging, which can provide high-resolution imaging and imaging depth of more than ten centimeters. Meanwhile, photoacoustic imaging and thermoacoustic imaging have high molecular specificity and have already been widely used in the research of physics, chemistry, and biomedicine.

盐胁迫严重限制着植物的生长发育,造成农业产量下降.植物遭受盐胁迫时,细胞代谢受到抑制,体内会积累较多活性氧(ROS)进而对植物造成氧化胁迫,诱导自噬现象的产生.本文主要研究了植物对于盐胁迫诱导的自噬及其反应的调控机制.研究中发现,在高盐浓度处理的拟南芥幼苗中自噬现象迅速产生,伴随着NADPH氧化酶活性的明显上升.此外,通过用荧光探针LysoTracker Red (LTR)定位自噬小体,激光共聚焦观察发现AtTOR不仅可以在正常生理环境下抑制自噬小体的生成,而且可以在高盐浓度胁迫环境下抑制自噬.进而我们发现在高盐浓度处理的同时添加NADPH氧化酶抑制剂DPI后,处理过后的WT株系拟南芥根细胞自噬现象受到明显抑制,而AtTOR突变体中并未有明显的变化.因此NADPH氧化酶很有可能参与AtTOR对盐胁迫诱导自噬的信号通路的调控.该研究结果为进一步分析植物耐受性机理和自噬的信号通路提供理论依据.

超薄多晶硅薄膜具有优异的压敏特性。铝诱导层交换(ALILE)制备多晶硅薄膜具有成膜温度低薄膜性能优良等特点。利用ALILE方法在玻璃基底上低温条件下制备了50 nm超薄多晶硅(poly-Si)薄膜, 并对薄膜微观结构及压阻特性进行了研究。Raman光谱在521 cm-1出现尖锐、对称的特征峰, 表明超薄多晶硅薄膜晶化状态良好。此外, 在拉曼光谱480 cm-1处没有明显出现a-Si的Raman特征峰也说明制备的poly-Si薄膜样品完全结晶;XRD光谱表明ALILE制备薄膜在(111)和(220)晶向择优生长, 晶粒尺寸约5 μm;霍尔效应测试结果表明: ALILE制备薄膜为p型掺杂, 空穴浓度为9×1018～6×1019 cm-3;压阻特性研究表明: ALILE超薄多晶硅薄膜应变系数(GF)达到了60以上, 且与薄膜厚度相关;应变温度相关系数(TCGF)在-0.17～0%℃范围内;电阻温度相关系数(TCR)在-0.2～-0.1%℃范围内。ALILE超薄多晶硅薄膜具有GF大、TCGF小和TCR小等特点。因此, 有望在压力传感器领域得到应用。

Insulin resistance is a hallmark of the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Dysfunction of PI-3K/Akt signaling was involved in insulin resistance. Glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) is a key factor for glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissues, which is closely regulated by PI-3K/Akt signaling in response to insulin treatment. Low-power laser irradiation (LPLI) has been shown to regulate various physiological processes and induce the synthesis or release of multiple molecules such as growth factors, which (especially red and near infrared light) is mainly through the activation of mitochondrial respiratory chain and the initiation of intracellular signaling pathways. Nevertheless, it is unclear whether LPLI could promote glucose uptake through activation of PI-3K/Akt/GLUT4 signaling in 3T3L-1 adipocytes. In this study, we investigated how LPLI promoted glucose uptake through activation of PI-3K/Akt/GLUT4 signaling pathway. Here, we showed that GLUT4 was localized to the Golgi apparatus and translocated from cytoplasm to cytomembrane upon LPLI treatment in 3T3L-1 adipocytes, which enhanced glucose uptake. Moreover, we found that glucose uptake was mediated by the PI3-K/Akt2 signaling, but not Akt1 upon LPLI treatment with Akt isoforms gene silence and PI3-K/Akt inhibitors. Collectively, our results indicate that PI3-K/Akt2/GLUT4 signaling act as the key regulators for improvement of glucose uptake under LPLI treatment in 3T3L-1 adipocytes. More importantly, our findings suggest that activation of PI3-K/Akt2/GLUT4 signaling by LPLI may provide guidance in practical applications for promotion of glucose uptake in insulin-resistant adipose tissue.

伏马毒素B1 (FB1) 是一种来源于串珠镰刀菌的可以引起植物光依赖性超敏反应的病原激发子, 但这种超敏反应的机制研究尚不清楚。运用光学分子成像技术, 并借助调制叶绿素荧光和激光共聚焦成像系统对拟南芥叶片在FB1侵染早期的光化学效率和叶绿体形态变化进行了分析, 研究了FB1诱导的光依赖性超敏反应过程中的分子机制。结果发现, 在光参与下, FB1明显降低了拟南芥叶片叶绿体的光化学效率, 促进了叶绿体来源的活性氧大量产生和绿色荧光蛋白 (GFP) 标记的叶绿体基质蛋白的降解, 而过氧化氢酶或抗坏血酸预处理则抑制了这一过程, 说明活性氧参与促进了GFP标记的叶绿体基质蛋白的降解。 总之, 本文借助光学分子成像技术发现叶绿体在FB1诱发的植物光依赖性的超敏反应早期发挥着重要作用。